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Disease causing fungus leading to witches' broom on terminal leaves of Koa (Acacia koa).

https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-63.pdf&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwiAyda53LX6AhU8IkQIHTKZBysQFnoECAkQAg&usg=AOvVaw3stvBjpC6haeAOsdnyZvT_

https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/glossary/Witches_broom.htm

https://alohaarborist.com/pest-of-the-month-koa-rust-atelocauda-digital/

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/gardner/diseases/koa%20diseases%20and%20associated%20fungi/koa%20diseases%20and%20associated%20fungi.html

Synonym. Atelocauda figitata

NUMBER: 20230124-3
SPECIES: Avian Fowl Pox[1]
OTHER NAMES: Avipoxvirus
VARIETY: Pigeon Pox Virus
DISTINCTIONS: The cutaneous form of AP is characterized by proliferative wart-like lesions on the unfeathered parts of the bird, such as the beak, eyelids, nostrils and the legs and feet.
HOST: Zebra Dove, Geopelia striata (Linnaeus, 1766) [1]
LOCALITY: Honolulu, Hawaii
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 21.367873, -157.938545
DISTRIBUTION: Avian Pox has been observed in a variety of bird hosts worldwide. The disease is most common in the temperate (warm and humid) parts of the world and corresponds to mosquito cycles. Avian pox has been identified in birds since earliest history, but it is still considered an emerging viral disease.
VACCINE: An effective live vaccine against Pigeon Pox Virus is available [ATCvet code: QI01ED01 (WHO)].
HOST REPORT: iNaturalist #148884781, 16 February 2023
IMPORTANCE: Very common in this bird in Hawaii. Very damaging to native birds. Seldom identified or reported.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCE
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Pigeon Pox Virus (Avipoxvirus) in Zebra Dove, Geopelia striata (Linnaeus). iNaturalist #???, 17 February 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [784].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and usually condensed. The original text is only in our field notes. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [4]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [5]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [6]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [7]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; cell 239-227-3645, ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [8]Cell 787-467-2179, e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Figure A. Deformed foot with cysts
Figure B. Nodules and deformed feet